| Geography Of Australia |
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The formation of the Australian climate has an impact position, content, and a slight diversion of land topography, ocean currents and the arrangement of permanent centers barycznych. Location of Australia in the southern hemisphere determines the distribution of the different seasons of the year than in the northern hemisphere. January is the warmest month of the year, while July is the lowest temperature. In view of the location of land to Zwrotniku Capricorn interior of the continent has a dry tropical climate, its northern part way into the międzyzwrotnikowych monsoon climate zone, and southern parts are in the range of the Mediterranean climate. Poor fragmentation of the coastline, not larger bays makes penetration into the ocean influences the continent is negligible. Proceeds from these limits on the west edge of the high plateau Zachodnioaustralijskiej a barrier to the east of the Great Mountains Wododziałowych. Thus Australia, despite the ocean location, has a large area of dry continental climate. Dry climate of the interior of Australia, mainly conditioned by systems of air masses, depend on the presence of lowland and wyżów barycznych. In summer, from December to March, as a result of strong heating of land and air covers the northern part of the continent than Australian. Therefore, the slowdown here flowing from the northwest humid maritime air mass as the summer monsoon. This causes an increase in monsoon clouds, precipitation and a slight decrease in air temperature. Thus, in the northern part of Australia insists the rainy season. At that time, the southern part of the land is under the influence of baby-boom południowoindyjskiego, extending between Africa and Australia. With the baby boom into the land flowing air mass zwrotnikowo-continental, in the form pasatu south-east, which leaves its moisture on the eastern slopes of the mountains. To the west of the continent and in the interior at this time there is drought. In the winter season, which lasts from June to September, air circulation system moves north, and almost the entire Australian continent is under the influence of an Australian baby boom. Prevail over the land then zwrotnikowo-continental air mass, with the exception of the southern ends of which are within reach of the western winds, associated with wandering lowland belt. These winds bring precipitation. Also, the slopes of the Great Mountains Wododziałowych have large rainfall where winter comes in south-east trade wind. Air temperature and precipitation: The air temperature of Australia has a significant relationship with latitude, and the apparent movement of the sun during the year. The warmest month of the year is January. In the month that the highest average air temperatures occur in Western Australia (Marble Bar), where they amount to about 33 ° C. The entire western part of the land, to the periodic River Coopers Creek, is covered by the isotherm of 30 ° C. To the south of the isotherm temperatures are getting lower, up to 15 ° C on the island of Tasmania. Isotherms is similar to równoleżnikowego. Deviations are caused by the influx of moist air masses and the trade winds. In July, the isotherms of the system is close to równoleżnikowego. The lowest average air temperatures occur in the southwestern part of the land, east of Perth and the south-east, in the southern basin of the River Murray. The average air temperature in July fell here below 10 ° C. During the five winter months in parts of this may have a temperature of about 0 ° C, however, snow cover is not maintained during the winter. Around the Tropic of Capricorn pass isotherms correspond to 15 ° C, and the scraps of northern Arnhem Land and York Peninsula isothermal runs at 25 ° C. The highest long-term average air temperature at the level of real (24 ° C) was recorded in Darwin. The course of precipitation per year varies. Summer rainfall prevail in the northern part of the continent, north of the Tropic of Capricorn. In the south, there are winter rainfall. In the eastern part of precipitation persist throughout the year with a predominance in the warm half of the inner side of the mountains and the cold night on the slopes of the East. In the central part of the land precipitation is scarce or missing. The largest amount of rainfall, above 1000 mm per year, receive a north-eastern extremities of the land, the coast of the Kimberley, Arnhem Land, York Peninsula and the eastern slopes of the Great Mountains Wododziałowych. A similar amount of rainfall during the year are replaced by Tasmania, New Zealand and the islands of Oceania. Parallel to the coast, with the exception of the western zone stretches from the next annual rainfall within 500 - 1000 mm. The third zone is more internal 250 - 500 mm, while the interior of land less than 250 mm of rainfall annually. A characteristic feature of Australia is the precipitation process and the irregular occurrence. Precipitation is often violent, beyond the one-time sum of the average rainfall, and there are periods of several years with very little rainfall. Australia is the lowest of the continents, the average height here is only 292 m above sea level and the climax, which is Mount Kosciuszko measuring 2 228 m Occupy the eastern part of mainland Great Dividing Range. Tasmania is also mountainous, island in the south-eastern coast of the continent of Australia. To the west of the Great Mountains Wododziałowych is południkowy Interior Lowlands zone, characterized by the middle part of the river network endoreicznym system. In the south near the coast is meridian strip Flinders Mountains, reaching the 1 165 m Lowlands to the west of the Interior is a vast Western Plateau. Australia is a continent of the poor in water. River network is poorly developed, and the largest river system Murray-Darling covers part of eastern Australia and south-east. Areas without an outflow occupy up to 60% of the continent, and the Murray-Darling basin has an area of about one million km ² area of little more than the state of New South Wales. Water flow at the mouth of Muray is about 1 900 m³ / s. Darling's longest river is 2 735 km. Long left-bank tributaries of the rivers are the Murray, Murrumbidgee River (1 690 km) and Lachlan (1 500 km), but not always bed of these rivers are filled with water. Only a short river, 300 km, flowing from the Great Mountains Wododziałowych toward the Pacific Ocean and from the slopes in Western Australia are more water-rich part of the year, have big drops and rocky bottoms. High cliff coast of Great Australian Bay to the west of Adelaide is completely devoid of the river network. The interior of the continent river network is purely periodic. Intermittent streams are defined as "Creeks." Due to the recurrent nature of most rivers and the length of the river areas to be treated as indicative. On the Australian continent, there are numerous lakes bezodpływowych concentrations. Most often occur in the southern part of the Central Depression (South Australia). Considered to be the biggest lake Eyre, variable area, an average of about 9 000 km ². Number of lakes depends strictly on the size of precipitation. While sporadic, long-term heavy rain almost the entire central depression becomes a huge lake. Other clusters of lakes are located in Western Australia - lakes: Lake Barlee, Cowan, Moore, Raeside, in the middle of Lake Carnegie, and on the edge of Western Australia and Northern Territory - Lake: Mackay, Macdonald, Lake Barlee, Hopkins. The largest lake in North terytorum Amadeus is a lake. At the Tropic of Capricorn in Western Australia is Lake Disappointment (tłum.rozczarowania). The name is very correct because the lake is salty water, which evaporates in the intensely hot dry climates leaves salt slabs in the bowl of the lake. Such surfaces are used as a track for racing cars (eg Lake Woomera in South Australia). Small freshwater lakes are located in the southern part of the Great Mountains Wododziałowych and in the mountains of Tasmania. In the area of the northern part of the Northern Territory, along the coast, traversed marshy land called "Błotami Arafura" totally inaccessible during the rainy season. In order to retention of water and hydropower for the border state of New South Wales and Victoria was built on the River Murray and its tributaries, the mountain system of artificial reservoirs. An artificial lake with a dam Hume Weir exploit economically the two cities Albury in New South Wales and Wodonga in Victoria. In Australia there are 70 dam reservoirs with a capacity exceeding 100 million / m³ and 12 for larger areas. The oldest dam in Australia is functioning Lower, with a height of 18 m (built in 1861). Approximately 75% of the dam reservoirs created solely or primarily for irrigation. Thanks to more than 1.5 million hectares of land can be used for agriculture. The main reservoirs of fresh water is underground water in the pools artezyjskich. They occupy a total of about 1 / 3 of the continent. Source aquifers are located in rocks of different origin, age, and depths from 30 to 1 km. The biggest of these is the Great Artesian Pool eastern central part of the continent. In the north, are important water from the Fitzroy Basin, Ord-Victoria, York, to the east of the Dawson-Mackenzie basin, Clarence, in the south of the Gippsland Basin, Murray and Eucla. In Australia, a lot of live animals such as endemic marsupials: koala, kangaroos, Wallabia. Monotremes: dziobaki and echidnas. Birds like emus and parrots and cockatoos kazuary and many others, such as belonging to zimorodków - characteristically a "smiling" - kukabura Kookaburra. Along the east and the North Eastern coast of Queensland, in the shallow waters of the Pacific Islands of the sea, is the greatest natural curiosity of Australia: Great Barrier Reef - Great Barrier Reef, which the Australians refer to as "the greatest living being on earth," because it stretches over 2 thousand kilometers. Another miracle of nature is located in semi-arid plains of the Northern Territory's second largest monolith of the world: up until recently known as Uluru Ayers Rock, the red rock having about 9 km circuit, which is a sacred place for Aborigines. Peculiarities of the plant world are the Eucalyptus and sclerophyllous vegetation. |
